Extraction from nutmeg free essay sample

The motivation behind this test was to outline the extraction of a strong common item from its normal source by segment with the guide of a natural dissolvable. Extraction is the procedure by which a compound or blends of, is moved by partition from one stage into another. For this situation, the significant triglyceride contains a solitary unsaturated fat recognized as myristic corrosive. It is a substituent of the triglyceride called trimyristin, which epitomizes 20-25% of the dried load of ground nutmeg we will in the long run use in this analysis. The reason for this lab is to separate trimyristin from nutmeg with the natural substance, diethyl ether, to obviously create trimyristin with a little bit of myristicin (strong fluid extraction). Additionally, it is acceptable to realize that because of polluting influence the most ideal way sanitize the result of trimyristin is by recrystallization through hot CH3)2CO. NATURE OF REACTION: Power state Trimyristin Myristic corrosive (tetradecanoic corrosive) NATURE/MECHANISM OF REACTION: The temperature range ought to be between 56-57 Â °C. We will compose a custom exposition test on Extraction from nutmeg or then again any comparable point explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page The natural solvents that were utilized in the examination were diethyl ether, methylene chloride and ethyl acetic acid derivation. It is encouraged to realize that when ethyl acetic acid derivation and water are blended, the water will in the long run separate into two particular stages. Hypothetical Yield, Percent Yield and Discussion: The heaviness of the item is resolved to be 0.78g The heaviness of the blend is resolved to be 1.00g or on the other hand The % yield is then determined to be 78% Liquefying purpose of item (decided) = 50-51Â °C End: As observed from the conversation on the substance sythesis of nutmeg, the most bounteous individual compound in nutmeg is trimyristin, it is likewise obvious that my yield rate was surely not 100. This is a consequence of lost the examples during the segment procedure, reflux, just as recrystallization. Some abundance in buildup were presumably ignored. It was additionally demonstrated that trimyristin is solvent in CH3)2CO, the substance we utilized for recrystallization. The overall bounty of trimyristin in nutmeg makes it a possibly vital substance to parcel.

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry

Mergers and Acquisitions in the Aviation Industry Foundation: Aeronautics industry is an image of far reaching national force and a critical piece of the national barrier. It is additionally a critical assurance for national security and a basic help for the improvement of financial and society. In the whole flying industry, common aeronautics is comprised of a wide range of flying exercises utilizing airplane aside from military applications, which incorporates guard, police and customs, and the common flying incorporates business flying and general flying. As of late, the fast advancement of common aeronautics assumes an inexorably significant job in the flight business. As far as globalization, the flight business is essentially gathered in the United States, Europe, Canada, Australia and some other created districts. Alongside the quick advancement of the worldwide economy, the excitement for creating avionics industry of numerous new industrialized nations has additionally been enormously propelled. Various very good quality assembling, including the avionics business, are moving from created nations to creating nations, to satisfy the worldwide market need, many created nations and creating nations started the collaboration. The monetary strife and budgetary emergency of the flow world has caused an incredible stun on flight industry, in spite of the fact that the condition is getting improved, it is still exceptionally hard to anticipate what the future will be. As one of the pioneers of the aeronautics business everywhere throughout the world, the market of avionics industry in the United States has been incredibly influenced as of late. The fa llen cost of tickets, rising cost of oil, just as hostile to imposing business model approach, all impactsly affect the common aeronautics industry in America. Merger mix is pattern of the improvement of worldwide flight industry as of late. There are numerous models: In Europe, Air France and KLM Royal Dutch Airlines were converged in 2003; Lufthansa bought Swiss Air in 2005, and later bought the Austrian Airlines; British Airways and Iberia Airlines converged in 2010 . After a progression of mergers and rearrangements, the market is loaded with essentialness and serious force. In the United States lately, the activity of common avionics industry has gotten considerably more troublesome and numerous carrier organizations are trying to get through this condition by mergers and acquisitions. In 2005, US Airways consolidated America West Airlines; Delta Air Lines bought Northwest Airlines in 2008; after two years, the United Airlines and Continental Airlines were blended and transformed into the United Continental Holdings fused; in 2011, Southwest Airlines bought the AirTran and following two years, American Airlines combined US Airways. Aft er the mergers and redesigns, these organizations working execution starts to emerge from downturn, however whether the particular outcomes truly are idealistic? This thesis will make examination and judgment. Congress diminished the control of the market in 1978, which brought the US economy showcase unmatched premiums. America has an adult flying industry advertise, which has become a significant factor of the development of economy now. Regardless of whether there is a little change in the business, it can welcome a major impact on different perspectives. In this intense serious condition at home and abroad, the common flying industry draws in substantially more consideration. Fixation Tendency As of late, the flight business in the United States had produced a great deal of new organizations and there have been a ton of chapter 11 and merger marvels, which will undoubtedly influence the opposition inclination of the avionics business. In this thesis, the strategies used to figure the grouping of avionics industry are Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) and Concentration Ratio (CRn). The count technique for industry focus record is the most widely recognized, and it is additionally a significant pointer of estimating the market structure. It demonstrates the level of grouping of the business by figuring the extent of the important worth, (for example, deals, esteem included, number of workers, complete resources, and so forth.) of the principal biggest n organizations in the business toward those of the whole business. For instance, CR4 alludes to the important piece of the pie involved by the four biggest ventures and CR8 implies the pertinent piece of the pie involved by the eight biggest undertakings. On the off chance that the CRn is more prominent, it demonstrating a higher level of grouping of the business and the almost certain for rivalry in the market will in general be monopolistic; despite what might be expected, the lower the fixation is, the more probable for rivalry in the market will in general be competitive.(MBAlib, 2012) The equation is: CRn=. In this equation, Si implies the piece of the overall industry of the venture I, n implies the all out number of firms (for example, the number is 4 or 8.) in the business. Nonetheless, the inconvenience of CRn is that this fixation proportion can't show the all out number of endeavors which are working and serious in this industry. For instance, the piece of the pie of 2 CR4 with a similar estimation of 75% in two distinct ventures probably won't be the equivalent, on the grounds that there might be just a couple of organizations in a single industry and the other business may have numerous organizations. In this way, in the exposition, HHI will be utilized to quantify the market focus to improve the validity of the information. HHI ascertains the entirety of the squares of piece of the overall industry of the biggest 50 organizations in this industry (if the quantity of organizations is under 50, it incorporates all endeavors). Clearly, the more noteworthy HHI is, the higher the level of market focus and the higher the level of imposing business model. The file can not just mirror the piece of the overall industry of huge undertakings, yet in addition can mirror the market structure other than huge endeavors. Along these lines, HHI can mirror the effect of huge endeavors available all the more precisely. The recipe is: HHI=2. In this equation, Si implies the piece of the pie of the undertaking I, n implies the all out number of firms in the business. HHI changes between 1/n and 1, which demonstrates that the higher worth is, the more prominent lopsidedness conveyance of the size of a firm. For whatever length of time that organizations consolidate, the estimation of HHI will increment; as long as the organizations deteriorate, the estimation of HHI will be decreased. The upside of HHI are it reflects enormous scope organizations piece of the overall industry all the more delicately, while reflects numerous little businesses’ piece of the overall industry practically nothing, and it can't be influenced by the quantity of organizations and the size dissemination of the business, which is smarter to quantify the adjustments in the market grouping of the industry.(MBAlib, 2010) This table outlines the estimations of CR4, CR8 and HHI in ten years. As per the fixation proportion CR4 and CR8, it tends to be clearly discovered that the aeronautics business was carrying on as an oligopoly and was an exceptionally thought industry, while regarding HHI, the market focus was moderate. The entirety of the 3 qualities were continuing diminishing from 2001 to 2006 and seemed to wind up in a sorry situation in 2007, where year the economy emergency occurred. From that point forward, the inclination of market fixation was improved and arrived at another tallness in 2013. (Ahren J. 2011) In rundown, the degree of market grouping of avionics industry was diminishing first and afterward continuing expanding in the United States. As needs be, the opposition propensity additionally abandoned serious to monopolistic, which demonstrates the quantity of organizations was decreased and the pieces of the overall industry of enormous firms have expanded. References: MBAlib (2010) Concentration Ratioà ¯Ã‚ ¼Ã…'CRn[online]New York. Accessible from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E8%8A%AC%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E2%80%94%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C%E6%9B%BC%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B0 [Accessed 29 January 2015] Ahren Johnston (2011) CONCENTRATION IN THE AIRLINE INDUSTRY: EVIDENCE OF ECONOMIES OF SCALE?[online]New York, Journal of Transportation Management. Accessible from: http://www.deltanualpha.org/pdfarticles/2011/Ahren%20Johnston.pdf [Accessed 29 January 2015] MBAlib (2012) Herfindahl-Hirschman Index [online]New York. Accessible from: http://wiki.mbalib.com/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%9A%E9%9B%86%E4%B8%AD%E7%8E%87 [Accessed 29 January 2015]

The Ultimate Guide to Succession Planning for Entrepreneurs

The Ultimate Guide to Succession Planning for Entrepreneurs Entrepreneurs need plenty of self-belief in order to make it in their chosen industry. Unfortunately, entrepreneurs are often guilty of focusing on building their business around themselves and forgetting to consider what happens to the business after they are gone. If you spent a lot of time creating a successful business, you should definitely spent enough time also on planning for its future once you leave, whether due to retirement or something more unthinkable such as illness or death.This guide will help you understand what succession planning is all about, why it is important and what options are available for entrepreneurs. It’ll also help you focus on the key aspects of creating a good plan. © Shutterstock.com | Gustavo FrazaoIn this article, you will learn 1) what succession planning is, 2) assessing your options, 3) key consideration in succession planning, and 4) conclusion.WHAT IS SUCCESSION PLANNING?Succession planning is all about the things that happen to your business once the owner steps down from running the business. A good succession plan is essentially the roadmap for continuance of the business after the owner is no longer part of the business.The plan deals with different aspects of changing ownerships, both in the instance of retirement, but also in case of death. It makes sure the business operations can continue as normally as possible, while the ownership of the business changes hand.Most often succession plans deal either with leaving the business to family members or selling the company to someone else.Why should entrepreneurs have a succession plan?When entrepreneurs start planning for their business, the questions of what happens to your business after you stop working are naturally not the first thing on one’s mind. But succession planning is as essential for ensuring business success as it is to have a proper plan for running the business. Life can be unpredictable and planning for different outcomes is essential for business success.The numbers of businesses that don’t have a succession plan in place is quite high. A recent US Trust Insights on Wealth and Worth Survey found that nearly 66% of business owners don’t have a succession plan. Most often, businesses think a written plan is not needed and the consequences of having a succession plan in place are not properly understood.But the benefits of having a proper succession plan are enormous. A proper succession plan will:Provide financial benefits â€" the main benefit of a proper succession plan is all about the finances. It helps you avoid unnecessary costs of handing over your business and ensures you take advantage of available tax benefits.Make the process smo other â€" overall, a succession plan will make the actual process a lot smoother and quicker. Changing the ownership can be quite disruptive to your business and you want to limit this as much as possible.It also helps the emotional burden on your family in case something bad happens to you. A succession plan guarantees they don’t need to worry about the business during the unimaginable difficult time in their lives.Ensures you avoid panic decisions â€" because you have a solid plan in place, you won’t suddenly find yourself in a situation where you need to make decisions quickly. Rash decisions are hardly ever good or cost effective.Secures your retirement â€" a succession plan will secure your retirement, both financially and emotionally! As mentioned above, you don’t need to worry about losing financially from handing over the business. But you’ll also be able to enjoy a smoother transition from a busy business owner to a retired person.Help you carry on your vision â€" s uccession plan doesn’t only mean financial benefits to your business. You’ve spent a lot of time and money in getting your business to where it is and you shouldn’t see your vision disappear in flames just because you retire or are incapable of running the business. A succession plan helps to carry on your vision forward under new leadership.Here is a great short video by Entrepreneur on the importance of succession planning: When to start planning?Ideally, entrepreneurs should start planning for the handing over process as soon as they set up the business. As mentioned above, succession planning isn’t just about retirement â€" you need to have a plan in place even for the unthinkable events such as illness, injury or death.Don’t despair if you’ve been running a business for a long time â€" you can start even at a later point. If retirement is already looming in the horizon, you should start looking into your options. The most important thing is to ensure you have a plan in place.ASSESS YOUR OPTIONSThere are a number of options available for entrepreneurs when it comes to exit strategies. It is important to assess all the available options and consider which are the best routes for your business.Below is assessment of the most common options business owners can make: handing over the business, selling the business, or liquidating the business voluntarily.Option #1: Handing over the business to a successorWhen it comes to handing over the business to a successor, you have two main options: either keeping the business in the family or finding a non-family successor either within the company or outside of it.Keeping it in the familyFamily businesses used to pass on from one generation to another, but succession to the next generations is now much less common. In the US, for instance, the Family Business Institute reported in 2013 that only 30% of family-run businesses succeed into the next generation, and less than 13% are handed over to the third gen eration. Part of this is down to lack of proper succession planning.If you are running a business, you need to carefully think whether you’d like a family member to continue your work, as well as whether they are even willing to do so. You don’t want to force anyone to run the business, but you should also not assume your family members wouldn’t be interested.The key is to ensure the decision is made for the benefit of the business. Your succession planning shouldn’t be influenced by emotions or expectations â€" do what is best for the business. Even if you are passionate about leaving the business to a family member, you need to guarantee the person has the right skills to run the business.Keeping the business in the family is naturally beneficial in ensuring your vision remains at the centre of running the business. Creating a family business is a great way to keep your legacy going strong from one generation to the other. It’s often easier than finding an outsider and m entoring opportunities are not just tied to the work hours. On the other hand, the conflict between family and work can become too evident, so be clear it is the best option for your business and for your family.Handing over to a family member can be financially cost efficient, as long as you prepare for it well. Different countries often have tax benefits for generational shifts in business, so be sure to research your options.Non-family options for a successorYou could also consider handing over to a non-family member. This is another good way of ensuring your business continues to pursue your passion and you can find a great candidate to help take your business to the next level.When you are looking for a non-family candidate, you have the option of:Transferring the business to someone working in the businessIt’s a great way of rewarding hardworking individuals within the organisation.The person is already aware of many of the day-to-day operations of the business.The person ca n start working alongside you, which means you have good mentoring opportunities.On the other hand, you might have a limited amount of good candidates to choose from.Transferring the business to an outsiderHave a bigger pool of professionals to choose from and therefore, finding a professionally suitable candidate might not be hard.You’ll not be guaranteed the business succeeds or the person continues your vision.Mentoring the person won’t be as easy, since they’ll be tied to their current job position.Finding a non-family suitor can sometimes be a costlier option to family succession. You also need to start the vetting process early to ensure you find the right candidate.Option #2: Selling the businessYou could also choose to sell your business. This will provide you plenty of cash, but it also takes quite a bit of planning and won’t guarantee your business continues on the path you’ve taken it. But if you are looking for a hefty retirement bonus, you might find selling t he business the most lucrative opportunity.If you want to make the most of the sale, then your business finances need to be in order. This maximises the profit you make â€" the more successful your business, the more you are likely to make from it. Investors are not looking for business potential in many instances, so you’d want to make sure your business is worth the cost.When it comes to selling, you have a number of routes available. You could opt for:Management buy-out (MBO) â€" in an MBO a management team within the business gets together to buy the business. It has similar advantages to transferring the business to a person within the business. But in-house management teams might struggle finding the financing for a buyout.Management buy-in (MBI) â€" in an MBI an external management teams steps in and takes the stake in its equity.Initial Public Offering (IPO) â€" you could also float the business in the stock exchange, with a new management team stepping in after share purc hase.Sale to private equity â€" private equity sales are a form of MBI, in which a financial investor purchases the business.Sale to another business â€" you could also consider merger with another business. If you are a shareholder in your business, this option is often the one that provides the most profit.Whichever of the above sales options seems the best for your business, you want to consult a business advisor before the final decision. Selling the business is a much more complex process, in terms of sorting out the finances, and you want a professional financial advisor to help you make the most of your sale.Finally, don’t underestimate the emotional impact of selling your business forward. As mentioned earlier, you won’t be able to influence the future of the business in any way after a sale, so be sure this is the right option for you.Option #3: Voluntary liquidationFinally, you can always choose to liquidate your business voluntarily. While stopping your business opera tions might not sound like something you need to plan for, it is important to create a succession plan even for this instance.If you are certain you want to liquidate the business before your retirement, having a plan in place beforehand can save you from a lot of hassle, as well as be financially more effective. You also want to make sure your employees are aware of your plans well before you stop business operations. You need to be aware of certain contractual requirements and responsibilities for both your clients and your employees.Voluntary liquidation is often the final option for business owners and you should make sure you explore the other two options above before going with voluntary liquidation. This final route can also cost a lot more than the other options and it’s therefore wise to look into the other two options first. The cost in voluntary liquidation are higher because you might need to pay extra compensation for employees, and the complete dissolving of the asse ts and operations costs more than transferring them to another person.THE KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN SUCCESSION PLANNINGThe above gives you an idea of the options available for succession planning. In this part, you’ll find out more about the key considerations. Depending on your chosen route, some of the following points will be more important than others, but it is crucial you keep all of the points in mind when forming a succession plan.Sorting out financesFinancial considerations are among the most important aspects of creating a succession plan. A succession is never cost-free and you need to be able to have enough money at hand to ensure a smooth transition. Your business finances should also be in order to make the transition straightforward.You’ll need to get a business valuation done and base your calculations on this. Make sure you regularly revise the financial plan, especially if you aren’t looking to exit from your business any time soon. It is a good idea to get an in dependent advisor to look into your evaluation to ensure it’s as accurate as possible.Tax considerations are often the most crucial. It is a good idea to talk with your business accountant or another financial advisor to outline your chosen route and get on top of the tax considerations of your plan.If you are looking to sell your business, then you need to do a few additional things. If you want to sell the business to an in-house management team, start talking to them early enough to ensure they are able to find the equity to buy the firm. MBOs often aren’t as easy to finance, since you won’t have an outsider investor putting money on the deal and traditional bank loans aren’t easy to come by in today’s economic environment.You’ll also need to start paying attention to the business’ finances. As mentioned above, potential buyers aren’t looking for potential, they are looking for businesses that can make them money. Therefore, you need to make sure your business is turning a good profit to guarantee the right kind of investors are attracted to your business. It will also ensure you make a good profit from the sale.The right skills the successor must haveIf you are handing over the business to a successor, whether or not it’s a family member, you need to first outline the skills needed for the job. It is important to think what makes a good manager for your business and what type of qualities you want from the new business leader. You also need to look into the future â€" where do you want to see the business go in a few years? Use this to create a set of skills and qualities you want the successor to have.A good set of skills and requirements will ensure you limit your choice for the right candidates and it guarantees the business has a better chance of success after you are gone. Keep in mind that you aren’t necessarily looking someone exactly like you â€" you just need someone with the right qualities to continue moving the business in t he right direction.Remember, if you are looking for someone within the company to replace you, you’ll also need to fill their old role. Therefore, you also need to prepare enough time for finding a suitable replacement and so on. Consider all these elements when creating a shortlist of candidates.The list of skills will help you identify potential candidates and can help determine whether it is possible to find a successor within the family or the business or if you need to look elsewhere. Talk to potential candidates even before you start mentoring them for the position.Prepare to share your visionUnless you choose to sell your business, you’ll want to ensure the vision you have for the business is passed on to the new management. You need to start mentoring your future successor as soon as you’ve chosen one to ensure they are ready to take on the role well before you make an exit.If you are handing over to someone who is not a family member or indeed part of the business, bu ilding trust will be vital. You want to ensure the person knows your vision for the future.Develop a timelineOne of the best ways to ensure the transition is smooth is by developing a timeline. You’ll want to have an idea in place for a possible stepping down. This helps you leave enough time for vetting the right candidates, selecting the person, mentoring them and finally, transferring the business over to the person.Furthermore, even a sale won’t happen overnight and you don’t want to find yourself rushing a deal in the last minutes. If you are certain you’ll sell the business, you’ll also have more time to lay the foundations for a successful sale. You don’t want to make rushed decision over the future of the company. Not only is this harmful for you in financial terms, but it can also damage the future prospects of your business.As mentioned at the start, you would ideally want to start thinking about the timeline as you set up your business. You should leave at lea st two to five years for planning the succession, but have a plan in place for the unfortunate occasion of something going wrong. You can always change your plans, as you get closer to the retirement age, if your situation has changed.CONCLUSIONThinking about your retirement as you approach your 30s or even 40s might not sound important and it’s not easy to consider the worst might happen to you in life. But as an entrepreneur, you need to be aware of these things and plan for the future.Hopefully, the above has shown you how important a succession plan is for entrepreneurs. The good thing is that there’s plenty of help available and the different routes of handing over, selling the business or liquidating it mean every entrepreneur will find the right solution. You just need to start planning early.

Piaget Of The Infant Cognitive Development Essay - 2140 Words

Background In the context of infant cognitive development and its corresponding theories, Jean Piaget often serves as a key theorist. Often referred to with the metaphor of children as â€Å"explorers,† Piaget believed that children, from the moment of birth, are actively engaging with and exploring their surrounding environment. With his contributions to the psychological field, like his six stages of sensorimotor development, we grasp a better understanding of a child’s first encounters developmentally. One of his most important accounts was on the concept of object permanence. He was able to provide a look into infants’ understanding of the physical world (DeHart, Sroufe, Cooper, p. 168). In order to better understand his account on object permanence however, one must be aware of his six stages of sensorimotor development: â€Å"Reflexes,† â€Å"Primary Circular Reactions,† Secondary Circular Reactions,† Coordination of Schemes,† â€Å"Te rtiary Circular Reactions,† and â€Å"Beginnings of Representational Thought,† which were largely influence through his experiments with his own children. The first stage, â€Å"Reflexes,† occurs from birth to 1 month. During this stage, Piaget asserted, infants are limited to their biological, programmed reflexes. He uses the term reflex in a much more broad sense in that he refers it as â€Å"... any built-in behavior pattern instead of automatic responses to particular stimuli† (DeHart, Sroufe, Cooper, p. 164). These built-in behavior patterns are not onlyShow MoreRelatedCritically examine the contribution of Jean Piaget to our understanding of child development.1321 Words   |  6 PagesJean Piaget to our understanding of child development. Until the mid 1900 s psychologists had no useful theory for explaining how children s minds change as they age. Psychologists interested in this field either has to study it in relation to behaviourism, which e mphasises that children merely receive information from the environment, or in relation to the IQ testing approach, which emphasises individual differences in children s development. However developmental psychologist Jean Piaget bornRead MoreSocio Cultural Theory And Piaget s Cognitive Development Theory1493 Words   |  6 PagesThe two theorists that I have chosen to compare are Vygotsky for his work on the socio-cultural theory and Piaget’s Cognitive Development theory. 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Vygotsky and Piaget were developmental psychologists who had many of the same views and beliefs, but at the same time had opposing views. According to Jean Piaget â€Å"cognitive development was a repetitive reorganization of mental processes that derived from biological maturation in addition to environmental experiences’’ (McLeod, S. A. (2015). The childRead MoreJean Piaget s Theories Of Cognitive Development1360 Words   |  6 Pages Jean Piaget was a Swiss psychologist. He worked in the fields of Developmental Psychology and Epistemology. He’s known for his works and theories in the field of child development. His theories of cognitive development and epistemological views are called, â€Å"genetic epistemology†. Piaget placed the education of children as most important. His works and theories still play a huge role and influence the study of child psychology today. 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This paper will begin with a general overview of Jean Piaget’s beliefs when it comes to children’s cognitive development and the basics of his four stages. Next, an in depth look will be taken at each of the stages followed by defining the Piagetian ideasRead MoreJean Piaget: Theory of Cognitive Development Essay1652 Words   |  7 Pagescontributions to the school of psychology. Jean Piaget was one who made a contribution with his theories on the cognitive development stages. Cognitive development is the process of acquiring intelligence and increasingly advanced thought and problem-solving ability from infancy to adulthood. Piaget states that the mind of a child develops through set stages to adulthood (Famous Biographies TV Shows - Biography.com). The theory of cognitive deve lopment has made a significant impact throughout theRead More Jean Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development Essay1567 Words   |  7 PagesPiagets Stages of Cognitive Development Very briefly describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive development and explain what he meant by saying that young children are egocentric. Use experimental evidence to consider this claim. Cognitive development is what psychologists talk about when discussing a child’s intellectual growth. Jean Piaget (1896 to 1980), a Swiss psychologist developed a theory of cognitive development, which is still much discussed and critiqued

Mental Illness And Its Impact On Youth Essay - 3581 Words

Mental illness and its impact on youth in New Zealand Report by David Mcauley Image one: Contents Page: Introduction.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...................................................page 3 Definition.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.....page 3 History and Statistics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.page 5 Legislation and Policies†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 7 Impacts on Young New Zealanders†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..page 9 In Practice†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..page 12 Reflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦page 14 Image two: Introduction This report will first define what mental illness is, the distinctive characteristics that this illness places on this diverse population and the various impacts that mental illness has had on young New Zealanders, aged 12 – 18, their families and society. This report will also look at historical evidence of mental illness within New Zealand and relevant statistics and the resulting legislation and policies that look to improve the mental health of all New Zealanders. Lastly I will integrate a social work model to work with young clients with mental illness, whilst looking at the impacts from an ecological and systems theory lens. I will then reflect on my own beliefs around mental illness. Information in this report was gathered both quantitatively, by way of hard, measureable evidence sourced from various statistics and surveys, and qualitatively, through my interview with Dr. Ian Baker who is employed by the Hawkes Bay District Health Board and works directly with youngShow MoreRelatedTragedy of Tormented Teenagers: Mental Illness Hits One in Four1429 Words   |  6 PagesMany young Australians suffer from mental illness and are exposed to serious risk of harm. It is found that more than one in four teenagers suffer a mental illness and most are not identified or treated (Mcdougall, 2013). Mental illness is the largest risk factor that causes suicidal behaviour and serious psychological distress in young people (Australian Government, 2013). According to Mcdougall (2013), the life expectancy for people with mental illness is 15 to 20 year lower than other AustraliansRead MoreThe Link Between Homelessness And Mental Health983 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s the i ssue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with a failed continuum of care plans and a lack of community mental health services have been major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness. In many cases, only the critically ill are meeting clinicalRead MoreMental Health For The Mentally Ill999 Words   |  4 PagesMental Health Brief What’s the issue? The lack of mental health services available to the mentally-ill and the deinstitutionalization of mental health hospitals have created a public health concern. These issues along with failed continuum of care strategies and a lack of community mental health services are major contributing factors to homelessness. In addition, the strict guidelines for psychiatric hospitalization are critical when analyzing homelessness among the mentally-ill. In many cases,Read MoreMental Illness And Its Effects On Academic Performance916 Words   |  4 Pagesall young persons will deal with mental illness (Shirk and Jungbluth 217). Only around a third of these children will receive professional treatment (United States Public Health Service qtd. in Shirk and Jungbluth 222). 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Sula by Toni Morrison Free Essays

Sula by Toni Morrison, is a book about a black female and the various events throughout her life. The majority of these events were at the fault of Sula, but because of her past she did not know, or could not understand any better. Sula became the woman that she was because of the people and events that were around her during her childhood. We will write a custom essay sample on Sula by Toni Morrison or any similar topic only for you Order Now When Sula was a child, she grew up faster than most children because of the things that she saw and heard, so it was almost as if she had a loss of childhood. When Sula was only three years old, her father died. Although this may not have had a direct effect on Sula because of how young she was, her mother, Hannah, was left without a husband and with an unquenchable thirst for â€Å"maleness† (Bukisa). This passion for men led to Hannah having many affairs with different men but never building real relationships with them. Sula, being as curious as any child, often watched these interactions, or at least saw the aftereffects of these interactions, and understood that her mother found pleasure in men. Another incident during Sula’s childhood involves her listening in on one of her mother’s conversations. One day Sula heard Hannah tell some other woman that she loved Sula, but that she did not like her. Hannah’s comments about not liking her made Sula begin to think about love. These thoughts of love were her first real interaction with adulthood (Sparknotes). Hearing her mother say this made Sula realize that she could not count on anyone except herself (Begnal). Sula realized that love was not what she thought it was, and it made her feel insecure, but secure at the same time. She knew that her mother would not stop loving her, but that love was not the same thing that she had once believed it to be (Sparknotes). A third traumatic event that occurred during the childhood of Sula was the death of Chicken Little. Sula and Nel were out playing near a lake, when a boy named Chicken Little showed up. Nel teased him, but instead of joining her friend to tease Chicken Little, Sula defended him. Sula then began to swing Chicken Little around playfully. Unfortunately, Sula lost her hold on Chicken Little, and he went flying into the lake and drowned. The death of Chicken Little further drove Sula’s loss of childhood innocence because it showed her how quickly life can be taken (Sparknotes). The immortality that most children believe they have, was then gone from Sula. She never even bothered to tell anyone what she did because, instinctively, she knew that society would misunderstand the incident and blame her for Chicken Little’s death. Another death Sula experienced while growing up was that of her mother, Hannah. Hannah took a nap and dreamt about a red bridal dress. She tried to get her mother, Eva, to interpret the dream for her but before Eva was able to, a young Sula distracted her. Later, Eva looked out her window just in time to see Hannah getting ready to jump into a fire. Eva jumped out of her second story window in order to try to save her daughter, but it was too late. When Eva looked up, she saw Sula standing there, watching everything happen. This event holds extreme significance in Sula’s life transformation into a woman for multiple reasons. First, Sula looked as if she were genuinely interested in the burning of her mother, almost as if she had enjoyed it. She was not concerned with saving her mother, but she just wanted to watch what was going on. Secondly, it made her grandmother resent her, because in some ways she felt that Hannah’s death was Sula’s fault. Because Sula distracted her from interpreting Hannah’s dream, she was unable to stop Hannah from killing herself (Sparknotes). Her grandmother was the only family that she really had left, and because Eva resented her, it forced Sula to grow up even more rapidly. Sula’s relationship with Nel was another major factor in her maturation into a woman. Sula and Nel were like each other’s support systems (Bukisa). Throughout their childhood, Nel always supported Sula and vice versa, even though they were extremely different. Nel was conservative and brought up in a relatively stable home by a proper, lady-like, mother, the way their society expected, while Sula was raised in a home where people constantly came and went, by a mother who slept with different men on various occasions. These two completely different worlds were what drew these two young girls to each other (Bukisa). They were opposite in more than just their upbringing. Sula was rougher and tougher than Nel was, but her emotions were also inconsistent. Nel, on the other hand, was quiet, and normally had a steady emotion (Bukisa). It was as if these two girls were each one half of the same whole, making them inseparable. During their childhood, they shared everything, including boyfriends. All of these factores contributed to Sula’s personality and actions as an adult. Sula as an adult had problems with love, recognizing boundaries, and fitting in. Sula lacked the ability to love because of her family, mainly her mother. Hearing Hanna say that she loved Sula but did not like her made Sula believe that love was something that was forced upon people, instead of a choice. Sula’s personality was much too independent to be forced to do anything, so she decided not to love at all. The closest she ever even came to love was with a man named Ajax, but he eventually left her which did nothing but assure Sula that she should not love. Eva’s resentment of Sula also convinced Sula that love was not an emotion worth pursuing. If her own family could not love her, then there was no reason for her to love anyone, including her family. Her boundaries issue was also caused by her mother, but Nel contributed to it as well. Her mother’s contribution was brought about in the way she slept with the husbands of wives around the community. Seeing her mother have no respect for the bond between a husband and a wife, Sula began to think that it was all right for her to do the same. Sula’s relationship with Nel was a cause of this boundary issue as well. Because Nel and Sula had shared virtually everything throughout their lives, Sula believed that that would never change. She thought that her and Nel’s bond was never going to change no matter what happened or what they shared. This thought process led Sula to sleep with Nel’s husband during a moment of weakness and then act as if everything would be perfectly fine. Once Sula realized that Nel was mad at her she was confused because she thought that they could share anything (Schmoop). Sula’s third issue, of fitting in, was not one that she was too concerned about. Also related to her childhood, Sula had seen that fitting in was not necessarily the â€Å"correct† way to live. Watching her mother as a child, Sula saw that life was completely enjoyable even while living outside what society considered to be acceptable. Sula lived with no regrets and did not care what anyone thought of her. Ten years after leaving home, Sula returned to visit her grandmother ,Eva. During their conversation, Eva brought back memories of Hannah’s death , so Sula put her into a nursing home. Even though society looked upon this action as being cruel, Sula did not see it as being so, and did not care that society did (Sparknotes). As flawed as Sula was, she never surrendered to falseness or fell into the trap of conventionality in order to keep up appearances or to be accepted by the community. As Morrison notes of her, â€Å"She was completely free of ambition, with no affection for money, property or things, no greed, no desire to command attention or compliments ? no ego† (Cliffsnotes). The women of the community hated her particularly because she was living criticism of their own dreadful lives of resignation (Cliffsnotes). She refused to settle for the traditional role that most women in her communtiy had, so they felt threatened and saw Sula as a witch (Begnal). being seen as a witch would bother the average person, but because Sula did not care about fitting in, she simply brushed it off. As an adult she showed less emotion than she did as a child because to her, emotions were just a something to occupy time (Sparknotes). Sula’s transformation into a woman is a remarkable result of her upbringing. The way she let nothing get to her, and did not change for the next person, can all be explained by understanding her adolescence. She was, in a way, a direct result of her environment. From her loss of childhood and her friendship with Nel, came the woman that she was on the day that she died, unbothered. How to cite Sula by Toni Morrison, Papers

Exploration of the Dickens Discourse free essay sample

The relationship of fictive elements and social context in Charles Dickens `Hard Times.` The paper shows that the novel `Hard Times` by Charles Dickens appears after the first reading as a text alarmingly ambivalent, unconventional and unique. The author shows how the text appears to be a documentary of Dickens times, highlighting through literary means not only the polluted texture of the town but the complexity of its inhabitants. We will write a custom essay sample on Exploration of the Dickens Discourse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The paper discusses the relationship between literature and Social Context in Hard Times and how it is reinforced not only through application of conventional literary tools, but a subtle reworking of elements forming contemporary 19th century literature. The novel Hard Times by Charles Dickens appears after the first reading as a text alarmingly ambivalent. Unconventional and unique, the text appears to be a documentary of his times, highlighting through literary means not only the polluted texture of the town but the complexity of its inhabitants. The relationship between literature and Social Context in Hard Times is reinforced not only through application of conventional literary tools, but a subtle reworking of elements forming contemporary 19th century literature. Dickens novel has often been alluded to as somewhat modernist, and it would seem the most pertinent form to express the depersonalization and dehumanization caused by the excesses of the industrial revolution.

The Crucible A Play in Four Acts Essay Example

The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts Paper Thou shalt not bear false witness. [He is stuck. He counts back on his fingers, knowing one is missing. ] Thous shalt not make unto thee any graven image You have said that twice, sir. (page 67) Speakers: John Proctor and Reverend Hale Irony: Situational Explanation: When Hale asked Proctor to recite the 10 commandments, he literally forgot that adultery is a commandment, considering his affair with Abigail being a prime example of adultery and the fact that he forgot to recite it. We are given to understand that at one time you dismissed your servant, Abigail Williams Why did you dismiss Abigail Williams? She dissatisfied me. [Pause. ] And my husband. (page 112) Speakers: Judge Danforth and Elizabeth Proctor Irony: Dramatic Explanation: The reader already knows that John has confessed to adultery, but Elizabeth doesnt so she lies to protect his reputation, which has already been ruined. l have seen marvels in this court. I have seen people choked before my eyes by spirits; I have seen them stuck by pins and slashed by daggers (page 91) Speaker: Judge Danforth Explanation: The fact that the audience already knows that all of these marvels ave been made up by Abigail and Danforth doesnt, so he believes her. A fire is burning! I hear the boot of Lucifer, I see his filthy face! (page 119-120) Speaker: John Proctor Irony: Verbal Explanation: Proctor is saying that the court, not the accused, is doing the work of the devil in refusing to even consider that the girls are lying to him. Oh, Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; Its Gods work I do. (page 115) Speaker: Abigail Williams Explanation: Abigail is lying when she says that shes doing Gods work; shes doing he devils work by forcing the other girls to lie to everyone about the presence of witchcraft in the town. Do that which is good, and no harm shall come to thee. (page 95) Speaker: John Proctor Explanation: Since that which is good means lying in this case , harm will definitely come because the Puritans believe that lying puts separation between a person and The contessions themselves nave an element ot situational irony because they accomplish the complete opposite of what they appear to. The innocently accused who are honest and refuse witchcraft will die, and the accused who confess, even if heyre lying, will live In her life, sir, she have never lied. There are them that cannot sing, and them that cannot weep my wife cannot lie. (page 1 1 1) Speaker: John Proctor Irony: Cosmic Explanation: Proctor is speaking of his wife, Elizabeth, who, he claims, is incapable of lying, yet on the very next page, she lies to Danforth in saying that she fired Abigail because she dissatisfied Proctor and her. All Abby wants in the end is for John to love her and want to be with her, yet it is her own actions that lead to his death Irony: Cosmic/Situational We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Crucible: A Play in Four Acts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

Definition and Examples of Inflectional Morphology

Definition and Examples of Inflectional Morphology Inflectional morphology is  the study of the processes (such as affixation and vowel change) that distinguish the forms of words in certain grammatical categories. In comparison to many other languages, the inflectional system of Modern English is fairly limited.   Inflectional  morphology is customarily distinguished from derivational morphology (or word formation). As A.Y. Aikhenvald points out, Derivational morphology results in the creation of a new word with a new meaning. In contrast, inflectional morphology involves an obligatory grammatical specification characteristic of a word class (Typological Distinctions in Word-Formation in Language Typology and Syntactic Description, 2007). This distinction, however, is not always clear-cut. Examples and Observations Inflectional Categories and Derivational CatgeoriesThe prototypical inflectional categories include number, tense, person, case, gender, and others, all of which usually produce different forms of the same word rather than different words. Thus leaf and leaves, or write and writes, or run and ran are not given separate headwords in dictionaries. Derivational categories, in contrast, do form separate words, so that leaflet, writer, and rerun will figure as separate words in dictionaries. In addition, inflectional categories do not, in general, alter the basic meaning expressed by a word; they merely add specifications to a word or emphasize certain aspects of its meaning. Leaves, for instance, has the same basic meaning as leaf, but adds to this the specification of multiple exemplars of leaves. Derived words, by contrast, generally denote different concepts from their base: leaflet refers to different things from leaf, and the noun writer calls up a somewhat different concept from th e verb to write.That said, finding a watertight cross-linguistic definition of inflectional which will let us classify every morphological category as either inflectional or derivational is not easy. . . . [W]e define inflection as those categories of morphology that are regularly responsive to the grammatical environment in which they are expressed. Inflection differs from derivation in that derivation is a lexical matter in which choices are independent of the grammatical environment.​(Balthasar Bickel and Johanna Nichols, Inflectional Morphology. Language Typology and Syntactic Description: Grammatical Categories and the Lexicon, 2nd ed., edited by Timothy Shopen. Cambridge University Press, 2007) Dictionaries and Inflectional Morphology[I]t is not correct to say that dictionaries never have anything to say about inflectional morphology. This is because there are two reasons why a word form such as pianists does not have to be listed, and these reasons are interdependent. The first is that, once we know that an English word is a noun denoting a kind of thing that can be counted (if the noun is pianist or cat, perhaps, but not astonishment or rice), then we can be confident that it will mean simply more than one X, whatever X may be. The second reason is that, unless otherwise specified, we can be confident that the plural form of any countable noun will be formed by adding to the singular form the suffix -s (or rather, the appropriate allomorph of this suffix); in other words, suffixing -s is the regular method of forming plurals.That qualification unless otherwise specified is crucial, however. Any native speaker of English, after a moments thought, should be able to think of at least two or three nouns that form their plural in some other way than by adding -s: for example, child has the plural form children, tooth has the plural teeth, and man has the plural men. The complete list of such nouns in English is not long, but it includes some that are extremely common. What this means for the dictionary entries for child, tooth, man and the others is that, although nothing has to be said about either the fact that these nouns possess a plural form or about what it means, something does have to be said about how the plural is formed.(Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy, An Introduction to English Morphology: Words and Their Structure. Edinburgh University Press, 2002) Eight Regular Morphological InflectionsThere are eight regular morphological inflections, or grammatically marked forms, that English words can take: plural, possessive, third-person singular present tense, past tense, present participle, past participle, comparative degree, and superlative degree. Most have phonologically sensitive realizations. . . .Modern English has relatively few morphological inflections in comparison with Old English or with other European languages. The inflections and word-class clues that do remain help the listener process incoming language.(Marianne Celce-Murcia, Donna M. Brinton, and Janet M. Goodwin, Teaching Pronunciation: A Reference for Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages. Cambridge University Press, 1996)Irregular Inflectional MorphologyThe so-called irregular inflectional morphology or morphological processes (such as internal vowel change or ablaut (sing, sang, sung)) today represent limited historical remnants of former grammatical inflectional systems which were probably semantically based and are now acquired lexically for frequently used lexical items rather than as grammatical systems (Tobin 1993:Ch. 12).​(Yishai Tobin, Phonology as Human Behavior: Inflectional Systems in English. Advances in Functional Linguistics: Columbia School Beyond Its Origins, ed. by Joseph Davis, Radmila J. Gorup, and Nancy Stern. John Benjamins, 2006)

The Causes of Crime Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Causes of Crime - Term Paper Example    One of the well-known researches that applied the Sociological Theory was made by a French Sociologist named Emile Durkheim. He conducted a classic study of suicide, with an attempt to explain the difference between the sociological from psychological intentions of individuals. According to Durkheim, there are four main types of suicide: Egoistic suicide – committed by people who do not feel attached to a group or community that commands their loyalty and participation, for example, foreign students in America who are away from their family and friends. Altruistic suicide – committed by people who have excessive loyalty to his group than himself, for example, soldiers compared to the individual. Fatalistic suicide – occurs when people believe that there is nothing they can do to alter their living conditions. Anomic suicide – people depend on social guidelines to order their lives and they commit these suicides to have one consequence when rules of behavior are conflicting (Encyclopedia of Death and Dying, 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In arriving at his conclusions, Durkheim identified few factors relating to the issue and applied theories one at a time to the data until they fitted. He concluded that â€Å"suicide rate varied from group to group† (Gelles and Levine, 1999, p.25). It means to say that there is no exact causal pattern for suicide and the tendency that people may or may not commit suicide depends upon the attributes of the group he belongs to. For example, Japanese soldiers were most likely to take their lives than other members of armed forces; â€Å"unmarried people had much higher rates than married people did† (Schaefer, 2001, p. 11). Though Durkheim offered a more scientific explanation to the causes of suicides compared to other findings, his conclusions were still weak. A theory is not a final explanation of events, like human behavior. That is why sociologists continue to determine other factors that will explain why people commit suicide (summarized based f rom Shaefer, 2001, p.11; website reference containing closely similar facts at http://www.hewett.norfolk.sch.uk/CURRIC/soc/durkheim/durkw2.htm)

Human Behavior Task Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human Behavior Task - Essay Example Therefore, proper OB will assist the managers to get people prepared for participating and interested in the organizational processes. This not only deals with the employees but also ensures change and innovation managements across the various stakeholders involved in the functioning of the organization. In this paper, we will focus on both theoretical support and practical examples to reflect more on the critical OB concepts. Research Question: How an understanding of OB concepts helps managers to overcome the challenges? Literature Review: Supporting Theories Organizational behavior is a sector independent management specialty, which demands considerable research and study today. In the 1990s, world wide adoption of open markets and subsequent globalization led to more dynamic developments and tendencies inside the various organizations around the world. Changing organizational practices become more important than ever since managers from different cultures, countries, backgrounds, and management schools began to interact and handle more diversified labor force. As a result, in today’s business environment, dynamics of OB extensively involve an understanding of real world organizational changes. Hence, experts like Brief and Dukerich (1991) have raised the critical question that whether theory in OB is useful or not. Yet, they state, â€Å"On a more positive note, it then is argued that theory in organizational behavior has practical value even though it may not be useful in a more narrower sense.† (Brief and Dukerich, 1991, p.327) Several theories in the realm of OB do suggest that robust concept of the subject can help managers to handle challenges. Motivation theories related to personality theory help the managers to motivate their subordinates, peers, and themselves. This behaviorist pattern is further reinforced with the help of organizational level theories that utilize group leadership and group dynamics concepts. So, theoretical approac h has helped the sphere of OB to evolve on a more scientific and rationalistic scaffolding. (Miner, 2006) In today’s multicultural and multinational business environments doped with competition and rivalry, understanding of OB can further help the managers to develop proper leadership practices and counter the challenges they face. Leadership theories become functional in this behaviorist segment. Avolio et al (2009) have proved that theoretical perspectives on transactional, transformational, and/or charismatic leadership do impact the function of an organization with the help of empirical research. Organizational behavior, in fact, is an interdisciplinary field of study, which covers various theoretical concepts. Thereby, the scope of OB involves theory based practical trials. Hence, OB concepts help managers to develop both subjective and objective understanding of the organization in general. They thus become instrumental for the managers to counter various challenges of the modern business world; and organizational change remains a prime focus area that requires holistic managerial commitment. (Alange and Steiber, 2009) Case Example In this section, we will discuss that how implementation of OB concepts help managers to overcome challenges in real world scenarios. The Case of Yasar University Yasar University is located in Turkey. It was established in 2001 â€Å"with the goal of helping students excel both academically and as members of society.†

Why Error Correction Is Necessary Essay

Why Error Correction Is Necessary Essay Correction is necessary. The argument that students just need to use the language and the rest will come by itself seems rather weak. Students come to us to teach them. If they want only conversation, they will probably inform us or, they might just go to a chat room on the Internet. Obviously students need to be corrected as part of the learning experience. However, students also need to be encouraged to use the language. It is true that correcting students while they are trying their best to use the language can often discourage them. The most satisfactory solution of all is make correction an activity. Correction can be used as a follow-up to any given class activity. However, correction sessions can be used as a valid activity in and of themselves. In other words, teachers can set up an activity during which each mistake (or a specific type of mistake) will be corrected. Students know that the activity is going to focus on correction, and accept that fact. However, these activit ies should be kept in balance with other, more free-form, activities which give students the opportunity to express themselves without having to worry about being corrected every other word. It is to S.P. Corder that Error Analysis owes its place as a scientific method in linguistics. As Rod Ellis cites (p. 48), it was not until the 1970s that EA became a recognized part of applied linguistics, a development that owed much to the work of Corder. Before Corder, linguists observed learners errors, divided them into categories, tried to see which ones were common and which were not, but not much attention was drawn to their role in second language acquisition. It was Corder who showed to whom information about errors would be helpful (teachers, researchers, and students) and how. There are many major concepts introduced by S. P. Corder in his article The significance of learners errors, among which we encounter the following: 1) It is the learner who determines what the input is. The teacher can present a linguistic form, but this is not necessarily the input, but simply what is available to be learned. 2) Keeping the above point in mind, learners needs should be considered when teachers/linguists plan their syllabuses. Before Corders work, syllabuses were based on theories and not so much on learners needs. 3) Mager (1962) points out that the learners built-in syllabus is more efficient than the teachers syllabus. Corder adds that if such a built-in syllabus exists, then learners errors would confirm its existence and would be systematic. 4) Corder introduced the distinction between systematic and non-systematic errors. Unsystematic errors occur in ones native language; Corder calls these mistakes and states that they are not significant to the process of language learning. He keeps the term errors for the systematic ones, which occur in a second language. 5) Errors are significant in three ways: to the teacher: they show a students progress to the researcher: they show how a language is acquired, what strategies the learner uses. to the learner: he can learn from these errors. 6) When a learner has made an error, the most efficient way to teach him the correct form is not by simply giving it to him, but by letting him discover it and test different hypotheses. (This is derived from Carrolls proposal (Carroll 1955, cited in Corder), who suggested that the learner should find the correct linguistic form by searching for it. 7) Many errors are due to that the learner uses structures from his native language. Corder claims that possession of ones native language is facilitative. Errors in this case are not inhibitory, but rather evidence of ones learning strategies. The above insights played a significant role in linguistic research, and in particular in the approach linguists took towards errors. Here are some of the areas that were influenced by Corders work: STUDIES OF LEARNER ERRORS Corder introduced the distinction between errors (in competence) and mistakes (in performance). This distinction directed the attention of researchers of SLA to competence errors and provided for a more concentrated framework. Thus, in the 1970s researchers started examining learners competence errors and tried to explain them. We find studies such as Richardss A non-contrastive approach to error analysis (1971), where he identifies sources of competence errors; L1 transfer results in interference errors; incorrect (incomplete or over-generalized) application of language rules results in intralingual errors; construction of faulty hypotheses in L2 results in developmental errors. Not all researchers have agreed with the above distinction, such as Dulay and Burt (1974) who proposed the following three categories of errors: developmental, interference and unique. Stenson (1974) proposed another category, that of induced errors, which result from incorrect instruction of the language. As most research methods, error analysis has weaknesses (such as in methodology), but these do not diminish its importance in SLA research; this is why linguists such as Taylor (1986) reminded researchers of its importance and suggested ways to overcome these weaknesses. As mentioned previously, Corder noted to whom (or in which areas) the study of errors would be significant: to teachers, to researchers and to learners. In addition to studies concentrating on error categorization and analysis, various studies concentrated on these three different areas. In other words, research was conducted not only in order to understand errors per se, but also in order to use what is learned from error analysis and apply it to improve language competence. Such studies include Kroll and Schafers Error-Analysis and the Teaching of Composition, where the authors demonstrate how error analysis can be used to improve writing skills. They analyze possible sources of error in non-native-English writers, and attempt to provide a process approach to writing where the error analysis can help achieve better writing skills. These studies, among many others, show that thanks to Corders work, researchers recognized the importance of errors in SLA and started to examine them in order to achieve a better understanding of SLA processes, i.e. of how learners acquire an L2. STUDIES OF L1 INFLUENCE ON SLA Various researchers have concentrated on those errors which demonstrate the influence of ones native language to second language acquisition. Before Corders work, interference errors were regarded as inhibitory; it was Corder who pointed out that they can be facilitative and provide information about ones learning strategies (point 7, listed above). Claude Hagà ¨ge (1999) is a supporter of this concept and he mentions it in his book The child between two languages, dedicated to childrens language education. According to Hagà ¨ge, interference between L1 and L2 is observed in children as well as in adults. In adults it is more obvious and increases continuously, as a monolingual person gets older and the structures of his first language get stronger and impose themselves more and more on any other language the adult wishes to learn. In contrast, as regards children, interference features will not become permanent unless the child does not have sufficient exposure to L2. If there is sufficient exposure, then instead of reaching a point where they can no longer be corrected (as often happens with phonetics features), interference features can be easily eliminated. Hagà ¨ge stresses that there is no reason for worry if interference persists more than expected. The teacher should know that a child that is in the process of acquiring a second language will subconsciously invent structures influenced by knowledge he already possesses. These hypotheses he forms may constitute errors. These errors, though, are completely natural; we should not expect the child to acquire L2 structures immediately (p. 81). In addition to studies of L1 transfer in general, there have been numerous studies for specific language pairs. Thanh Ha Nguyen (1995) conducted a case study to demonstrate first language transfer in Vietnamese learners of English. He examined a particular language form, namely oral competence in English past tense making. He tried to determine the role of L1 transfer in the acquisition of this English linguistic feature as a function of age, time of exposure to English, and place and purpose of learning English. The influence of L1 on L2 was also examined by Lakkis and Malak (2000) who concentrated on the transfer of Arabic prepositional knowledge to English (by Arab students). Both positive and negative transfer were examined in order to help teachers identify problematic areas for Arab students and help them understand where transfer should be encouraged or avoided. In particular, they concluded that an instructor of English, whose native language is Arabic, can use the students L1 for structures that use equivalent prepositions in both languages. On the other hand, whenever there are verbs or expressions in the L1 and L2 that have different structures, that take prepositions, or that have no equivalent in one of the languages, instructors should point out these differences to their students. Not only was L1 influence examined according to language pair, but according to the type of speech produced (written vs. oral). Hagà ¨ge (p. 33) discusses the influence of L1 on accent; he notes that the ear acts like a filter, and after a critical age (which Hagà ¨ge claims is 11 years), it only accepts sounds that belong to ones native language. Hagà ¨ge discusses L1 transfer in order to convince readers that there is indeed a critical age for language acquisition, and in particular the acquisition of a native-like accent. He uses the example of the French language, which includes complex vowel sounds, to demonstrate that after a critical age, the acquisition of these sounds is not possible; thus, learners of a foreign language will only use the sounds existing in their native language when producing L2 sounds, which may often obstruct communication. STUDIES OF CORRECTIVE FEEDBACK Corder elaborated on Carrolls work to show that the most efficient way to teach a student the correct linguistic form is to let him test various hypotheses and eventually find the right form (point 6, listed above). In these steps, Hagà ¨ge points out the importance of self correction (p. 82-83). According to Hagà ¨ge, it is useful to always perform an error analysis based on written tests administered by the teacher, but without informing the student of the purpose of the test. On that basis, self-correction is preferable to correction by the teacher, especially if the latter is done in a severe or intimidating way. Self correction is even more efficient when it is done with the help of childrens classmates. According to teachers, the younger the children, the greater the cooperation among them and the less aggressive or intimidating the corrections. Hagà ¨ge dedicates a section in his book to the importance of treating errors in a positive way. In this section, titled The teache r as a good listener, he notes that it is useless, if not harmful, to treat errors as if they were diseases or pathological situations which must be eliminated, especially if this treatment becomes discouraging, as occurs when teachers lose their patience because of childrens numerous errors. This, of course, does not mean that corrections should be avoided; after all it is the teachers duty to teach the rules of the L2. But the correction of every error as soon as it occurs is not recommended. The justification that Hagà ¨ge offers is the following: the linguistic message that the child tries to produce is a sequence of elements which are interdependent; immediate corrections which interrupt this message tend to produce negative consequences, even to the less sensitive children; such consequences include anxiety, fear of making an error, the development of avoidance strategies, reduced motivation for participation in the classroom, lack of interest for learning, reduced will for s elf correction, and lack of trust towards the teacher. Esser (1984, cited in Hagà ¨ge) also made a similar point: repetitive and immediate corrections, he noted, may cause sensitive children to develop aggressive behavior towards their classmates or teacher. Thus, Hagà ¨ge concludes, correction must not be applied by the teacher unless errors obstruct communication. This is the main criterion for error correction (i.e. obstruction of communication) presented by Hagà ¨ge; however there have been studies which examined such criteria in greater detail, such as Freiermuths L2 Error Correction: Criteria and Techniques (1997). Freiermuth accepts Corders view (point 6) and proposes criteria for error correction in the classroom. These criteria are: exposure, seriousness, and students needs. In the case of exposure, Freiermuth claims that when a child creates language (for example, when he tries to express an idea by using a linguistic form he has not yet acquired), he will most likely make errors; correcting these errors will be ineffective because the learner is not aware of them. Thus, error correction would result in the acquisition of the correct form only if the learner has been previously exposed to that particular language form. As regards the seriousness criterion, Freiermuth claims that the teacher must determine the gravity of an error before deciding whether he should correct it or not. Here Freiermuth sets a criterion which agrees with that of Hagà ¨ges: the error, he states, must impede communication before it should be considered an error that necessitates correction. But what constitutes a serious error? Which errors are those which should not be corrected? As an examples of non-serious errors, Freiermuth mentions those errors which occur due to learners nervousness in the classroom, due to their stress or the pressure of having to produce accurately a linguistic form in the L2. These errors can occur even with familiar structures; in that case, they are not of serious nature and are similar to what Corder called mistakes. Here again we see Corders influence in error analysis, and in particular in the distinction between errors and mistakes. Freiermuth goes on to suggest a hierarchy of errors (accor ding to seriousness) to help teachers decide which errors should be corrected: Errors that significantly impair communication [are] at the top of the list, followed by errors that occur frequently, errors that reflect misunderstanding or incomplete acquisition of the current classroom focus, and errors that have a highly stigmatizing effect on the listeners. He also clarifies what can cause stigmatization: profound pronunciation errors, or errors of familiar forms. Another important criterion that must be considered by the teacher is individual students needs. The importance of this factor is mentioned in Corder, who in turn notes that this idea had been suggested previously by Carroll (1955, cited in Corder 1967) and Ferguson (1966, cited in Corder 1967). Each student is different and thus may react differently to error correction. We infer from Freiermuths claim that the teacher must perform two main tasks: first, assess some specific character traits of students, such as self-confidence and language acquisition capability. Freiermuth agrees with Walz (1982, cited in Freiermuth) that self-confident, capable students can profit from even minor corrections, while struggling students should receive correction only on major errors. This claim agrees with Esser and Hagà ¨ges claim that repetitive corrections are likely to decrease motivation; it is reasonable to accept that students who lack self-confidence will be stigmatized to a greater degree than confident students. The teachers second task, according to Freiermuth, is to listen to learners L2 utterances in order to determine where errors occur (i.e. which linguistic forms cause students difficulties), their frequency, and their gravity (according to the severity criteria mentioned above). Then the teacher can combine the outcome of these tasks and decide on correction techniques for individual students. A different approach to error correction was suggested by Porte (1993), who stressed the importance of self-correction. Porte refers to Corders distinction of errors and mistakes and points out that many students do not know the difference. It is important, Porte notes, that students know how to identify an error in order to avoid it in the future. She agrees with Corder that it is more efficient for learners to correct themselves than be corrected by the teacher, and goes on to suggest a four-step approach for self-correction. This approach consists of questions that the teacher provides to students. After writing an essay, students should read it four times, each time trying to answer the questions included in each of the four steps. Thus, in each re-reading task (each step) they concentrate on a different aspect of their essay. In brief, the first task asks them to highlight the verbs and check the tenses; in the second task students concentrate on prepositions; the third task req uires them to concentrate on nouns (spelling, agreement between subject and verb); finally in the fourth task students should try to correct potential personal mistakes. Porte also offers some clarification of what is meant by personal mistakes, in order to help the students identify them. The studies mentioned above are only a few examples that demonstrate how S. Pit Corders work influenced the area of error analysis in linguistics. The concepts that Corder introduced directed researchers attention to specific areas of error analysis; they helped linguists realize that although errors sometimes obstruct communication, they can often facilitate second language acquisition; also they played a significant role in training teachers and helping them identify and classify students errors, as well as helping them construct correction techniques.

How the business deals with legal factors Essay

A legal factor that has a big impact on Tesco’s is protecting employees which, includes the laws about how many hours an employee can work. This amount of hours depends on the employees contract, if they are a full time member of staff then they have to work between 35-45 hours a week but no more, these hours also have to be over reasonably shift, for example having a 8 hour shift a day over 5 days a week. If they are a part time member then they can work any amount of hours a week as long as it is no longer the 35 hours. This can impact on Tesco’s as they have to keep to the terms and conditions of their contracts with staff , which could affect activates Tesco’s wish to do as they may not fit in the with hours the members of staff involved can work. Tesco’s can deal with this by offering willing to work staff overtime shifts, if staff are willing to do this, it means that Tesco’s doesn’t need to employ any more member which works out better for them as if they were to do this, they would then have to find the correct amount of hours agreed in the contact which might not be available. Even though some staff maybe willing to work more hours, they may feel that because they are helping out the business that they don’t need to be as professional and honest as they are when working their own scheduled shifts, this article (http://www.independent.co.uk/news/business/news/tesco-accused-of-using-electronic-armbands-to-monitor-its-staff-8493952.html)is about how Tesco’s is trying to deal with this issue. Tesco’s has come up with this idea of its warehouse and forklift staff wearing electronic bracelets which helps improve the efficiency of it workers as it means they don’t have to carry around items such as pen and paper as the armband collects this data which also means they are collection correct data. This armband also allows Tesco’s to monitor their staff to check that they are doing their jobs when expected of them and that they are not taking any un-agreed breaks, the arm band also informs the staff of when they are allowed there b reaks. This helps Tesco’s make sure their staff are not working over the hours allowed or working under the hours agreed. A legal factor that impacts Tata motors  is the protection of customers and employees, like all businesses Tata has to keep to legal factors and laws, the need to treat all of their customers fairly and honestly, this helps customers feel they can trust the business as well as giving the a good reputation. Challenges that Tata face when selling their products are making sure they pass the sales of good act which means they need to describe the product exactly how it is and not say it does something it actually doesn’t. It also needs to pass the customer credit act. http://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/tata-motors-focus-on-customer-satisfaction-to-woo-back-buyers-114111600186_1.html this article explains how they are going out of their way to make sure the give there customers the best service they possibly can. The article states that Tata motor has previously had problems with their customer service. They have taken this feedback and actually work on making it better by improving the quality of manufacture and repairs. How the business deal with social factors A common social factor that affects business is equal rights for both man and female workers and peoples religion. This could impact Tesco’s as if anyone feels as though they are being judged or unable to do something because of these reasons then they could cause problems for Tesco’s by making complaints either to their managers or their union. To make sure this doesn’t happen Tesco’s has to make sure that their staff know that everyone treated the same and if there are people applying for a job they cannot turn them away because of these reason, the only way they can do this is if someone is disabled in some way and their disability would stop them from doing the job required, however if this is the care they have to inform this person that is the reason but in a kind way as not to offend them. Tesco’s deal with these possible problem by getting new applicants to have a cv which is what they are judged upon or the job, they then have interview/trial which is so that they are then judged upon their abilities to do the job not on the gender or religious view. Tesco’s has coped well with this issues as if you are to go into their stores you are clearly able to see a balanced level of both male and female staff, Tesco’s also considers the religious view and has there store open later and close early on a Sunday as most religions see this a day of rest.

General Sociology – Code of the Streets

In the article â€Å"The Code of the Street† by Elijah Anderson, he allows a glimpse of everyday life through the eyes of two completely different worlds wrapped up within one universe. He compares street families to what he refers to as â€Å"decent families†. Although the meaning can take on different perceptions to the eye of the beholder, the author described it as a code of civility at one end of conduct regulated by the threat of violence.Within these most economically drugged, crime-related, and depressing neighborhoods, the rules of civil action have been severely weakened, and their stead of survival known as this â€Å"code of the street† often holds many their key to survival. The book Essentials of sociology gives four different theories on why crime exists, they are the functionalist theory, the internationalist theory, conflict theory, and control theory. The theory I believe best relates to Andersons article is the internationalist theory.The autho r presented only two groups of people which categorized their existence within the social contest among individuals and families of the neighborhood, the â€Å"decent† and the â€Å"street. † I thought that they were kind of broad terms and that maybe they shouldn’t necessarily be â€Å"categorized† but they should be more of a description of people. Because there can be many â€Å"decent† people and they can still know the street. The internationalist theory basically implies that crime is learned from the things you observe in life and your interactions with people around you.The first place Anderson says people in impoverished areas learn crime is at a young age from the family. Children are always influence by their parents and Anderson says â€Å"those street oriented adults with whom children come in contact with including mothers, fathers, brothers, sisters, boyfriends, cousins, neighbors, and friends-help them in forming this understanding by verbalizing the messages they are getting through experience: â€Å"watch your back. † â€Å"Protect yourself. † â€Å"Don’t punk out. † â€Å"If someone messes with you got to pay them back. †Ã¢â‚¬Å"If someone dishes you got to straighten them out.† many parents actually impose sanctions if a child is not sufficiently aggressive. † This shows that children can even be punished for not being aggressive enough, so they will have a tendency to be more violent and commit more crime Street families are overwhelmed with the demands of parenting which means kids to have to be able to take care of themselves more which leads to a dependence on the code of the streets and Anderson says† families, who are more fully invested in the code of the streets than the decent people are, may aggressively socialize their children into it.†This means children are taught to be aggressive from a young age so they can better take care of thems elves and survive in their environment. Another example Anderson gives of children growing up around violence in poorer areas is many parents have financial problems caused by drug use which causes more violence and exposes the child to more crime. Another place Anderson says children are exposed to crime is in the streets. He says, â€Å"Realities of inner city life are largely absorbed on the streets.†One reason Anderson says children gravitate towards being in the streets is a lack of supervision at home or a home environment not fit for children. He notes that the children who hang out in the street are allowed to â€Å"rip and run up and down the street† which shows that from a young age these children are being taught they can do anything they want, and in poorer areas it only takes a matter of time before they start getting involved in crime.Also many kids may not be looking to commit any crimes but because they hang-out in the street they are perceived as crimi nals, and the eventually except the label and actually start committing crime. This concept is known as the labeling theory. It shows that it is not the act of being in the street that causes crime it is the way people react to people being in the streets that cause them to commit crimes. Another aspect of life children in poorer areas observe and emulate is respect and reputation.When you don’t have many physical possession ones reputation is seen as all that one has. Anderson talks about how from a young age that a child â€Å" to maintain his honor he must show he is not someone to be â€Å"messed with† or â€Å"diced† the article also talks about how in urban societies â€Å"it is a basic requirement to show a certain disposition to violence† meaning in order to keep up with you reputation you must show that you can be violent and commit crime, and if this is the way the majority of people living in these areas think there is no wonder there is so mu ch crime.The last reason Anderson gives that I believe gives children the impression they must commit crimes if they live in poor areas is the areas they live in themselves. They are poorer areas so living is already a struggle, and kids see that crime is an easy way to get a lot for a little; they can rob someone in two seconds and have money to eat with. An example Anderson gives of this state of mind is â€Å"a boy wearing a fashionable, expensive jacket, for example is vulnerable to attack by another who covets the jacket, and either can’t afford to buy one or wants the added satisfaction of depriving someone else.†Anderson also mentions how sometimes in these neighborhoods police won’t even show p and when kids see that there neighborhood is too dangerous for police it is easier to say I will become a part of it instead of becoming a victim. In conclusion I believe that the internationalist theory best describes Andersons article â€Å"The Code of the Stre ets† and like it says in the book deviance is learned through interaction with others. Crime in particular is learned through experiences growing up at home, hanging out in the streets, trying to gain reputation, and experiences and interaction with where you live and the community you live in.

Portfolio Performance And Hedging Options - 2281 Words

Portfolio Performance and Hedging options Cheuk Yin Lam 6865175 Introduction This is an equity fund manager tasked with the responsibility of managing a portfolio. The portfolio comprises of largest UK stocks and thus bases the FTSE100 index (Battalio and Schultz 2011, Pp 45). There is much concern that sharp correction in equities might take place in the next 3 month. The main purpose of this report is to present the hedging choices that they have. Portfolio Setup a. 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