Confucianism And Daoism As Forms Of Philosophy And Religion

While Confucianism and Daoism as forms of philosophy and religion differ on many levels they share some level of basic similarities of understanding in the world. Surprisingly, in comparison to teachings in other religions, neither of these two religions have a creation myth in the traditional sense but instead believe that in the â€Å"state of â€Å"undifferentiated chaos†Ã¢â‚¬  (IWR, 280) that was all of existence, â€Å"two polar yet complementary energies known as qi (â€Å"breath†, â€Å"energy†, or â€Å"force†)† (IWR 280) had risen from it: yin and yang; continuously interacting and residing in most things in existence. One could not exist without the other, as they are what the other is not and are in a constant state of change. This concept had come to represent all things in existence that could be seen as binary, for instance hot and cold or day and night, but even though they are opposites they are still connected to each other and ev erything is still connected to the cosmos itself (IWR, 280). Humans are no different in the sense that yin and yang make up the physical manifestation that is the human body, though the immaterial self is made up of another binary: hun (representative of yang, purity, and upward-rising) and po (representative of yin, turgidity, and downward-sinking) (IWR, 281); once a person dies then both hun an po depart from the body to again be a part of future beings. As can be seen, both Confucianism and Daoism recognize and emphasize a â€Å"bipolar and complementary view† (IWR,Show MoreRelatedComparing Daoism and Confucianism681 Words   |  3 PagesYou can compare Daoism and Confucianism to yin and yang because they complement each other. Daoism and Confucianism coexist as complementary value classifications in East Asian societies. Unlike Jainism, Hinduism, and Buddhism, in which these religions were developed in East Asia, Daoism and Confucianism grew mainly in China. Although the se religions grew from similar roots, they both still have different emphases. Daoism also known as Taoism, was a philosophical and radical text written by LaoziRead MoreInfluences of China Essay698 Words   |  3 Pages Daoism, Confucianism, and Legalism To understand China’s current government you need to look at its influences. Daoism involves a deep acceptance of the rhythms of nature and the way of all things (World Religions); which effects people’s personal beliefs and is one of China’s main religions. Confucianism helped pave the way for communism and still is a powerful philosophy today. The ideas of Legalism directly affect the Chinese government. Despite the fact that modern China is one of the largestRead MoreLegalism, Taoism, and Confucianism in Ancient China1049 Words   |  4 PagesLegalism, Taoism, and Confucianism in Ancient China Philosophies dictate the most basic beliefs, concepts, and attitudes of individuals or groups, even entire civilizations. Since the beginning of time there has been great debate among men over which philosophies to live life by. The list of philosophies that exist in the world today is nearly endless, making it difficult to decide which one is the most suitable to live by. Ancient China was arguably among one of the most philosophical culturesRead MoreThe Religious Traditions Of The East Are All Older Than Western Religions1743 Words   |  7 Pagesworld and the â€Å"hope† they offer their followers. Their traditions and beliefs are different than in the west. The four major religious traditions in the East are all older than western religions. Each religious tradition can be examined for common concepts and differences. Hinduism, Buddhism, Daoism and Confucianism have several common concepts and several differences in: their worldviews, their views on the nature of reali ty as a whole, the nature of persons, the perspectives on the â€Å"human dilemmaRead MoreChinese Philosophy Essay1408 Words   |  6 PagesThree areas of philosophy emerged amidst the chaos and constant warring of the Zhou era. The three were called Confucianism, Daoism, and legalism. They were Chinese philosophies that were thought to be the best ways to rule and achieve order in the society. Confucianism believed that a ruler s job was to set a good example, and not order. Since people were thought of as naturally good, they would following the right path based on their own conscience. Legalism was a more harsh way of ruling, ledRead MoreEvaluate the Changes and Continuities in the Role of Religion in Chinese Society from 600 to 1450.1043 Words   |  5 Pagesto various religions. At different times different dynasties endorsed certain religions while repressing others. While Buddhism flourished during the Sui and Tang dynasty, it faced opposition from the government during th e Song dynasty. Confucianism lost government endorsement during the Sui and Tang but gained momentum during the Song as Neo-Confucianism. Yuan dynasty promoted Islam and Tibet Buddhism but ignored Confucianism. Different rulers sponsored and protected different religions but ConfucianismRead MoreThe Origins Of Chinese Civilization Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagesdynasty retained the rituals and practices for the of worship, and it’s been continued through dynasties. In fact, it is still alive till today and is deeply rooted in the China. Although it has changed in different form, Chinese people worship their ancestors and follow the path of their religion. Ancestors are venerated daily from the family according to their rituals. The beliefs and tradition of the past still exist in the society. The Great wall of china alone can tell the evolution of constructionRead MoreConfucianism : Ziran And Wuwei1371 Words   |  6 PagesLike Confucianism, Daoists offer two principles to c ultivate oneself: ziran (è‡ ªÃ§â€ž ¶) and wuwei (æâ€"  Ã¤ ¸ º). Ziran has been widely translated to mean self-so. Laozi explains what self-so may mean when he tells his followers to â€Å"open yourself to the Tao, then trust your natural responses; and everything will fall into place.† As Robert Eno, Associate Professor of Early Chinese History and Thought at Indiana University, puts it, â€Å"The inhabitants of the Natural world are ‘self-so,’ they simply are as theyRead MoreThe Influence of Ancient Chinese Philosophies such as Confucianism, Legalism and Daoism 2337 Words   |  10 PagesThrough the whole of history’s existence, religions, philosophies and personal belief systems have been around to shape and mold life into what it is today. Religions all around the world have their own belief systems, sometimes even more than one. And though one religion or philosophy may develop in a specific corner of the world, there is always at least two paths they could travel. A system can either remain personally sacred to the founders, themselves, or it may become a popular belief to otherRead MoreEssay on The Great Encounter of China and the West1511 Words   |  7 Pageslook at the religion that the European missionaries were preaching about, Christianity. On the other end, the Europeans who came in contact with the Chinese were fascinated by their culture and their philosophy, mainly the philosophy of Confucius. While the two cultures seemed to be a good match, each respecting and admiring the other, it came to an abrupt halt. The end result was China and Europe both rejecting the other culture. During the 1500-1800s many of the Western religions sent over many

Leadership and Management in the 20th Century - 2998 Words

How management manages and leads employees has changed dramatically over preceding decades and will continue to evolve in the future Introduction Every manager is different in their approach to managing staff and in modern day society leadership is becoming a more vital aspect of management. The business sector in todays society is increasing rapidly, and with this increase comes the need for more people to manage and lead the growing companies. This essay will embark on the evolution of management and leadership in previous decades and future changes. Before divulging in this topic of conversation we must firstly distinguish between what exactly is a manager and also a leader. With regards the differencing of the two words - the†¦show more content†¦The disadvantage is that some employees will take advantage of the manager and not do any work at all. Paternalistic. In a paternalistic leadership the manager will try and guide the employees towards their goals. The manager tries to take on a fatherly role for the employees and makes all the decisions for them in a I know best way. The advantage to this style is that the decisions will be made quickly for the company. The disadvantage is that the employees can feel unmotivated as it can be very patronizing for them and as they get very little input. We will begin our journey of management and leadership changes from the turn of the 1900 century when things we a vastly differing from the styles of management and leadership that is practiced today. EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT THEORY * CLASSICAL (1880-1927) * CONTEMPORARY (1930-1962) * POSTMODERN (1965 - present) Management in the 1900s Scientific Management Period (1890-1940) At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. This was after all in the midst of the industrial revolution. The military and church were two very important organisations in this era and the structure of these organisations became foremost the most notable structure in these times. This proved to be the emphasis for more hierarchy and roles in the management and leadership of organisations. In this period the role of the manager changed to a more professional figure, not seen as anShow MoreRelatedThe Role And Professional Position Of The School Principal944 Words   |  4 Pagesthe importance of understanding the need for ethical and/or moral leadership, it is important to present the development of the role of school principals and its eventual need for the inclusion of ethics and moral into school leadership. The role and professional position of the school principal began to be shaped during the early 19th century with the development of â€Å"head teacher† (Brown, 2011). Next, at the turn of the 20th century, the position of school principal began to gain both stature andRead MoreDifferences Between 20th And 21st Century Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pages Differences between 20th and 21st Century Leadership David D. Wimberly University of Maryland University College Professor Nina Kostalas â€Æ' Introduction Companies need to review organizational structures, position the company strategically to secure a competitive advantage, and sustainability in through people-centric leadership and adopting 21st-century strategies to retain profit and relevancy (Basavanthappa, 2014). To do this requires leadership: a scientific concept whose central hypothesisRead MoreAn Organization Environment Can Have A Strong Effect On Employee Satisfaction And Productivity1699 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In our ever changing world organizations are required to change to meet the needs of employees and their customers. The organization environment can have a strong effect on employee satisfaction and productivity. (Bernerth, 2004).Over the past century many elements have changed as the economical boundaries have created the need for these changes. As society changes and the perspective of future leaders grow and inject their personal ideas things will continue to change. Change is relevant and toRead MoreEssay about Evaluating Change Over Time In Organizations1504 Words   |  7 Pagesas in past few decades as in the preceding century. Bolman and Deal (2008) claim means that the change organizations have experienced in the last decade are almost similar to those they experience in at the end of the twentieth century. However, in my opinion this is not entirely true, although some of the changes organizations have experienced in the last decade are a product of changes and developments that started in the last decade of the last century. However, in the last decade, organizationsRead MoreClassical Viewpoint of Management1088 Words   |  5 PagesClassical management theory Classical management theory was introduced in the late 19th century. It became widespread in the first half of the 20th century, as organizations tried to address issues of industrial management, including specialization, efficiency, higher quality, cost reduction and management-worker relationships. While other management theories have evolved since then, classical management approaches are still used today by many small-business owners to build their companies and toRead MoreManagement Administrative Theory1585 Words   |  7 Pages115.108: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION ASSIGNMENT 1 Mary Parker Follett has been described by Schermerhorn et al. as an Administrative Theorist within the Classical approach to management. However, others have seen her as ahead of her time, and have even described her as thoroughly modern . What were Mary Parker Follett s main contributions to management thought and practice; how do they relate to classical management theory and practice and how are they relevant to managers in contemporaryRead MoreThe Differences Between Leadership And Management1727 Words   |  7 PagesIn this essay I will be exploring the differences and similarities between leadership and management, looking at the qualities of each of these subjects from my perspective as well as from other materials, and furthermore identifying whether an individual can become better at leadership and management. I will also be discussing the circumstances in which management as well as leadership would be crucial. Leadership can be described as a process of social influence in which one person can enlistRead MoreOne Of The Major Factors Militating Against The Development1434 Words   |  6 PagesOne of the major factors militating against the development of sports in Nigeria today is lack of effective management. A lot of solutions are being proffered by concerned and patriotic Nigerians daily to bail us out the quagmire. One of such solutions is this text entitled Modern Trends in Sports Administration and Management. It is written by Dr. Joseph Awoyinfa, a lecturer in the Department of Human Kinetics and Health Education, Faculty of Education, University of Lagos, Nigeria; a researcherRead MoreThe History of Human Resource Management1460 Words   |  6 PagesThe History of Human Resource Management Human resource management  (HRM, or simply  HR) is the  management  of an  organizations  workforce, or  human resources. It is responsible for the  attraction,  selection,  training,  assessment, and  rewarding  of employees, while also overseeing organizational leadership  and  culture, and ensuring compliance with  employment and labor laws. In circumstances where employees desire and are legally authorized to hold a  collective bargaining agreement, HR will also serveRead MoreU.s. Government s Department Of Defense1238 Words   |  5 PagesOrganizational Management Approach Introduction The U.S. Government s Department of Defense (DoD) is a very large organization with many leaders at various levels. From a macro-level or overarching perspective the DoD is very hierarchal and bureaucratic. Then, from a micro-level perspective, there are leaders within the DoD who practice more lateral or flat approaches to leadership. Furthermore, the DoD has both a military side where leadership is hierarchal as well as transactional, as well

The Nature And Development Of Acid Rain free essay sample

Acid rain is usually measured to be a by-product of modern atmospheric pollution. Even in a pure, uncontaminated world, though, it is probable that the rainfall would be acidic. The absorption of carbon dioxide by atmospheric water produces weak carbonic acid, and nitric acid may be formed during thunderstorms, which provide enough energy for the synthesis of oxides of nitrogen (NOX ) from atmospheric oxygen and nitrogen. During volcanic outbreaks or forest fires, sulphur dioxide (SO2 ) is released into the atmosphere to give the necessary component for the formation of sulphuric acid. Phytoplankton in the oceans as well produces sulphur during their seasonal bloom period. The sulphur takes the shape of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) which is oxidized into SO2 and methane sulphonic acid (MSA). The MSA is eventually transformed into sulphate. Acids formed in this manner fall out of the atmosphere in rain to turn out to be involved in various physical and biological processes once they reach the earth’s surface. The return of nitrogen and sulphur to the soil in naturally acid rain assists to uphold nutrient levels, for instance. The peculiar landscapes of limestone areas—typified by highly weathered bedrock, rivers flowing in steep-sided gorges or through inter-connected systems of under-ground stream channels and caves offer outstanding instances of what even moderately acid rain can do. (Stephen L. Baird, 2005) In fact, since ‘acid rain’ comprises snow, hail and fog and rain, it would be more suitable to illustrate it as ‘acid precipitation’. The word ‘acid rain’ is most normally used for all kinds of ‘wet deposition’, though. A related process is ‘dry deposition’, which engrosses the fallout of the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen from the atmosphere, either as dry gases or adsorbed on other aerosols for example soot or fly ash. To the extent that two-thirds of the acid precipitation over Britain falls as dry deposition in the form of gases and small particles. On contact with moisture in the form of fog, dew or surface water they make the same effects as the constituents of wet deposition. Presently, both wet and dry depositions are usually included in the term ‘acid rain’ and, to maintain continuity, that convention will be followed here. Current concern over acid rain is not with the naturally produced variety, however quite with that which consequences from modern industrial activity. Technological advancement in a society frequently depends upon the availability of metallic ores, which can be smelted to make the great volume and variety of metals required for industrial and socio-economic development. Substantial amounts of SO2 are released into the atmosphere as a by-product of the smelting process, mainly when non-ferrous ores are involved. The burning of coal and oil, to provide energy for space heating or to fuel thermal electric power stations, as well produces SO2. The ongoing growth of transportation systems using the internal combustion engine—one more trait of a modern technological society—contributes to acid rain through the release of NOX into the atmosphere. (Conrad G. Schneider, 2001) The table above shows that the biggest air pollutant that mobile sources contribute to acid rain is carbon monoxide. Of all of the carbon monoxide releases that contribute to acid rain, 81% of them come from mobile sources. The biggest other source is particulate matter, little particles of pollution that are released into the air by cars, trucks, and buses that are burning diesel fuel, fertilizers, pesticides, road construction, steel making, mining, and turning on fire places and wood stoves. 73% of the non-mobile sources that contribute to acid rain are caused by the release of particulate matter. The table above shows how much mobile and other sources of pollution can make acid rain more of a problem. Seeing that carbon monoxide and particulate matter are the leading sources of pollution, by cutting down on these, acid rain will not be as much of a problem. http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215471/acid_rain.htm At first, the consequences of these pollutants were limited to the local areas in which they originated, and where their impact was often noticeable. As emissions increased, and the gases were steadily incorporated into the larger scale atmospheric circulation, the stage was set for an escalation of the problem. Sulphur compounds of anthropogenic origin are now held responsible for as much as sixty-five per cent of the acid rain in eastern North America, with nitrogen compounds accounting for the remainder. In Europe, emission totals for SO2 and NOX are usually measured to split closer to seventy-five per cent and twenty-five per cent. Since the early 1970s, though, declining SO2 emissions and a growing output of NOX have combined to bring the relative proportions of Acid precipitation formed by human activities differs from natural acid precipitation not merely in its origins, however as well in its quality. (Hope Cristol, 2002) Acid Rain and the pH Scale The pH scale measures how acidic an object is. Objects that are not very acidic are called basic. The scale has values ranging from zero (the most acidic) to 14 (the most basic). As you can see from the pH scale above, pure water has a pH value of 7. This value is considered neutral—neither acidic or basic. Normal, clean rain has a pH value of between 5.0 and 5.5, which is slightly acidic. However, when rain combines with sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides—produced from power plants and automobiles—the rain becomes much more acidic. Typical acid rain has a pH value of 4.0. A decrease in pH values from 5.0 to 4.0 means that the acidity is 10 times greater The quality of the rain is determined by a series of chemical processes set in motion when acidic materials are released into the atmosphere. Some of the SO2 and NOX emitted will come back to the surface quite rapidly, and close to their source, as dry deposition. The rest will be carried up into the atmosphere, to be transformed into sulphuric and nitric acid, which will ultimately return to earth as acid rain. The processes involved are basically simple. Oxidation converts the gases into acids, in either a gas or liquid phase reaction. The latter is more effective. The conversion of SO2 into sulphuric acid in the gas phase is sixteen per cent per hour in summer and three per cent per hour in winter. Equivalent conversion rates in the liquid phase are hundred per cent per hour in summer and twenty per cent per hour in winter. Regardless of the relatively slow conversion to acid in the gas phase, it is the main source of acid rain when clouds and rain are absent, or when humidity is low. (James Salzman, J.B. Ruhl, 2000) The rate at which the chemical reactions occur will as well depend upon such variables as the concentration of heavy metals in the airborne particulate matter, the presence of ammonia and the intensity of sunlight. Airborne particles of manganese and iron, for instance, act as catalysts to accelerate the conversion of SO2 to sulphuric acid and sulphates. Natural ammonia may have similar effects. Sunshine gives the energy for the production of photo-oxidants—for instance ozone (O3 ), hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) plus the hydroxyl radical (OH)—from other pollutants in the atmosphere, and these oxygen-rich compounds make possible the oxidation of SO2 and the NOX to sulphuric and nitric acid correspondingly. The role of the photochemical component in the conversion process may account for the better acidity of summer rainfall in several areas. In the presence of water, these acids, and the other chemicals in the atmosphere, will dissociate into positively or negatively charged particles called ions. For instance, sulphuric acid in solution is a mixture of positively charged hydrogen ions (cations) and negatively charged sulphate ions (anions). It is these solutions, or ‘cocktails of ions’ that constitute acid rain. (Jonathan Watts, 2005) Whatever the complexities involved in the creation of acid rain, the time scale is vital. The longer the original emissions remain in the atmosphere, the more probable it is that the reactions will be completed, and the sulphuric and nitric acids formed. Long Range Transportation of Atmospheric Pollution (LRTAP)—transportation in excess of 500 km—is one of the mechanisms by which this is accomplished. The introduction of the taller smokestacks on smelters and thermal electric power stations, together with the higher exit velocities of the emissions, permitted the pollutants to be pushed higher into the atmosphere. This efficiently reduced local pollution concentrations, however caused the pollutants to remain in the atmosphere for longer periods of time, therefore escalating the likelihood that the acid conversion processes would be completed. The release of pollutants at greater altitudes as well placed them outside the boundary layer circulation and into the larger scale atmospheric circulation system with its potential for much greater dispersion through the mechanisms of LRTAP. The net consequence was a noteworthy increase in the geographical extent of the problem of acid rain. (Krajick, K, 2001).

What Does Genocide Mean The era of mass murder mi Essay Example For Students

What Does Genocide Mean? The era of mass murder mi Essay 644 ght be given as a name for the 20th century. Never in the history of the world have so many millions of people been deliberately killed since 1900. These millions werent all because of war. They were victims of genocide: the deliberate killings of racial, religious, ethnic, or political groups. The word genocide is from the Greek genos, meaningrace, or tribe, and the Latin cide, meaning killing. The First Significant Genocide The Armenian Genocide was directed against the residents of Asia Minor by the Turkish government. This deliberate slaughter began on April 24, 1915, under the cover of World War 1. The number killed are uncertain. We will write a custom essay on What Does Genocide Mean? The era of mass murder mi specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The lowest is 800,000 and the highest more than 2 million. First the Armenians in the army were disarmed, placed into battalions, and then killed. Then the Armenian political leaders were rounded up on April 24, 1915, and then killed. Finally, the remaining Armenians were called from thier homes, told they would be relocated, and then marched off to concentration camps in the desert between Jerablus and Deir ez-Zor where they would starve and thirst to death in the sun. On March, often they would be denied food and water, and many were brutalized and killed by their guards. The authorities in Trezbizond, on the Black Sea coast, loaded Armenians on barges and sank them out at sea. The Turkish government has denied that this ever happened, but this event has been carefully recorded by others. My Comment: As I said before the era of mass murder should be given the name of the 20th century. This century was when most people for either their race, ethnic, or religion had been killed purposely. From the Jewish Holocaust to the all other genocides. Yet, there is also a reason why this happened. Maybe it was because it was a lesson to show us how easily we are capable of doing such atrocities as this. These past genocides also show us how important it is to be at peace with one another. Without this peace look what it all caused. Bibliography: .